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Contacts are stored on the phone memory, yes, so if this was wiped you may have lost some contacts.
If you had a Gmail account set up in your phone then it will automatically back up your contacts to that account. Add that Gmail account back to your phone under Settings > Accounts and it should sync the contacts back.
I came onto the forum to figure out how to find my lost contacts which had disappeared after a system and Sony auto updates that my phone went through. I am pretty sure it updated to Marshmallow (6.0.1) in the process.
I use Microsoft exchange
Try going into Settings-accounts-exchange active sync-account name
and turn off and then on the sync contacts toggle