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If mobile data is disabled, there is no way you are charged unless somehow you enabled it back. You have the quick settings icon which allows you to toggle it on/off, but to be sure you can always check chrome or a service that requires internet.
Are you sure you weren't charged for roaming calls or something like that?
EDIT: There is also a chance you could have crossed the data limit if you updated apps on mobile data.
Hello @michak and welcome to the community!
Sorry to hear that. It sure sounds strange that your phone is using mobile data while it is disabled. When you aren't using mobile data, make sure that the slider is to the left under Settings > Data usage in order to make sure it's disabled. As @alexdon mentioned you can also check in the quick settings or by starting an app that requires an active Internet connection to make sure it's disabled.
I would also recommend that you make sure Roaming is disabled under Settings > More > Mobile networks.
If you're still being charged for mobile data with the settings above disabled I would recommend that you contact your service provider about this. Keep me posted!