Since I've tried any method I could find online, I decided to get help here.
I shut off wifi optimization, rebootet my phone, my wifi is certificated and the wifi also gets slower un safe mode. The first three minutes after I reboot my phone is the only moment when I can connect to any wifi. The strange thing is, that this started just about a week or so after I've bought the phone. Meaning that I had no problems at the beginning and could install all my apps I had on my previous android device.
But since the problem still exists in safe mode, I can't understand why it is the case with the wifi.
I'm glad for every help.
Thank you