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Speakerphone very often sets automatically to max volume regardless of previous setting so I must decrease the volume manually. My previous phone did not do it. I have Xperia M with Android 4.1.2. (15.1.A.1.9).
There is no setting in the phone where you can set the standard volume.
Connect and disconnect different accessories to the phone may reset the volume settings. Make sure that you don't have any task killers/managers installed in the phone.
Also make sure that you have the latest software installed for your phone: